introduction
| Bradykinin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Generally | |
| CAS no. | 58-82-2 |
| EINECS no. | 200-398-8 |
| SMILES | |
| InChI | |
| chemical properties | |
| Brutal formula | C50H73N15O11 |
| Mass (The term mass is used to denote two quantities attached to a …) molar | 1060.2085 ± 0.0514 g mol-1 |
| Units of the SI & CNTP unless otherwise stated (An indication (from Latin indicare: to indicate) is a written advice or recommendation…) | |
There Bradykinin is a kinin produced under the action of an enzyme (An enzyme is a molecule (protein or RNA in the case of ribozymes) that allows…) that is released in sweat (sweat is a fluid secreted by the sweat glands secreted during the phenomenon…) . It has a vasodilating effect.
It is a peptide hormone (a hormone is a chemical messenger that is transported through the circulatory system and acts…) (nonapeptide) that acts on smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels and increases capillary permeability.
structure
The amino acid sequence of bradykinin is: arg – pro – pro – gly – phe – ser – pro – phe – arg.
metabolism
In humans, bradykinin is degraded by three kininases: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), aminopeptidase P (APP), and carboxypeptidase N (CPN), which cleave positions 7–8, 1–2, and 8–9, respectively.
synthesis
The activity of the kinin-kallikrein system leads to the production of bradykinin by proteolytic cleavage of its kininogen precursor, the heavyweight kininogen (Weight is the force of gravity, gravitational and inert in origin, exerted by the molecule…) ( KHPM). involving an enzyme, kininogenase.
Historical
Bradykinin was discovered by three Brazilian physiologists and pharmacologists working at the Instituto de Biologia de São Paulo in the city of São Paulo, led by Dr. Maurício Rocha e Silva worked. In 1948, with colleagues Wilson Teixeira Beraldo and Gastão Rosenfeld, they discovered its strong antihypertensive effect in an animal preparation. Bradykinin has been detected in the blood plasma (blood plasma is the liquid part of blood that contains blood cells…) of animals after the addition of venom (venom is a toxic substance that is a complex mixture of chemical substances). ..) from Bothrops (The Bothrops are a genus of snakes from the Crotalines family, highly venomous, the…) jararaca (Snake Iron (Iron is a chemical element, symbol Fe and with atomic number 26. It is the Brazilian spear.. .) that Rosenfeld had brought from the Butantane Institute.This discovery was part of an ongoing study on circulatory shock and related proteolytic enzymes on the toxicology (toxicology is the science one studies) of snakebites, initiated as early as 1939 by Rocha e Silva. Bradykinin would emerge as a new principle of autopharmacology, i.e. a substance released in the body by metabolic conversion of pharmacologically active precursors According to BJ Hagwood, biographer of Rocha e Silva: “The discovery of bradykinin led to a new understanding of many physiological and pathological Phenomena including induced circulatory shock (The armature is a general electromagnetic organ used in electrical engineering and responsible for…) by poisons and toxins. »
physiological role
Effects
Bradykinin is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator that causes non-vascular smooth muscle contraction in the circulatory system, increases vascular permeability, and is also involved in the mechanism of pain (pain is the sensation people feel). an organism whose nervous system recognizes a…). In some respects, its effects are similar to those of histamine; Like histamine, it is released from venules rather than arterioles. In the pulmonary circulation (The lungworts are plants of the Boraginaceae family belonging to the genus …) it has a vasoconstrictor effect.
Bradykinin induces an increase in calcium (calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20) levels in neocortical astrocytes, causing them to release glutamate.
Bradykinin is believed to be the cause of the dry cough (cough is a sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the cavity…) seen in some patients taking ACE-inhibiting drugs. angiotensin (ACE). This persistent cough is a common reason for stopping ACE inhibitor therapy.
Recipient
Two types of bradykinin receptors are known in mammals. The B1 receptor is only expressed after tissue damage and is thought to play a role in chronic pain. The B2 receptor is constitutively active and involved in the vasodilator action of bradykinin.